Lung Function:

Quanjer, P. H., Stanojevic, S., Cole, T. J., Baur, X., Hall, G. L., Culver, B. H., Enright, P. L., Hankinson, J. L., Ip, M. S. M., Zheng, J., Stocks, J., Initiative, the E. G. L. F., Stocks, J., Baur, X., Hall, G. L., Culver, B., Quanjer, P. H., Stanojevic, S., Cole, T. J., … Schindler, C. (2012). Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3–95-yr age range: The global lung function 2012 equations. European Respiratory Journal, 40(6), 1324–1343. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00080312

Valach, C., Gross, C., Veneroni, C., Pompilio, P. P., Gobbi, A., Karimi, A., Breyer, M.-K., Hartl, S., Burghuber, O. C., Kaminsky, D. A., Irvin, C. G., Wouters, E. F. M., & Breyer-Kohansal, R. (2026). Reference equations for oscillometry in adults: Data from the Austrian LEAD study. ERJ Open Research, 12(1), 00159–02025. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00159-2025

Functional Performance:

Strassmann, A., Steurer-Stey, C., Lana, K. D., Zoller, M., Turk, A. J., Suter, P., & Puhan, M. A. (2013). Population-based reference values for the 1-min sit-to-stand test. International Journal of Public Health, 58(6), 949–953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-013-0504-z

Physical Activity:

Small, S. R., Chan, S., Walmsley, R., von Fritsch, L., Acquah, A., Mertes, G., Feakins, B. G., Creagh, A., Strange, A., Matthews, C. E., Clifton, D. A., Price, A. J., Khalid, S., Bennett, D., & Doherty, A. (2023). Development and Validation of a Machine Learning Wrist-worn Step Detection Algorithm with Deployment in the UK Biobank. medRxiv, 2023.02.20.23285750. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.02.20.23285750

Schwendinger, F., Wagner, J., Knaier, R., Infanger, D., Rowlands, A. V., Hinrichs, T., & Schmidt-Trucksäss, A. (2024). Accelerometer Metrics: Healthy Adult Reference Values, Associations with Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Clinical Implications. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 56(2), 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003299

Body Composition:

Winter, J. E., MacInnis, R. J., Wattanapenpaiboon, N., & Nowson, C. A. (2014). BMI and all-cause mortality in older adults: A meta-analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 99(4), 875–890. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.068122

Other Vital Signs:

Muntner, P., Jaeger, B. C., Hardy, S. T., Foti, K., Reynolds, K., Whelton, P. K., & Bowling, C. B. (2022). Age-Specific Prevalence and Factors Associated With Normal Blood Pressure Among US Adults. American Journal of Hypertension, 35(4), 319–327. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpab154

Dijk, E. J. van, Vermeer, S. E., Groot, J. C. de, Minkelis, J. van de, Prins, N. D., Oudkerk, M., Hofman, A., Koudstaal, P. J., & Breteler, M. M. B. (2004). Arterial oxygen saturation, COPD, and cerebral small vessel disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 75(5), 733–736. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2003.022012

Rocha, A. S. L., Siqueira, V. de B., Maduro, P. A., Batista, L. da S. P., & Schwingel, P. A. (2024). Reference values for heart rate variability in older adults: A systematic review. Psychophysiology, 61(12), e14661. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14661